






LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 





Shelf JEUEXf I 
—- : -tH3 2, 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 













































♦ 





































THE SCIENCE OF CHARACTER 



ALFRED E. HEDLEY. 



SECOND EDITION, 


REVISED BY D. B. HEDLEY. 


v GOF V f; 

Jhl 5 188.” -V) 

Jiixs&y 


A. 


PHILADELPHIA: 

No. 38 SOUTH THIRD STREET. 
1888 . 




Copyright, 

D. B. HEDLEY. 

1888 . 





J. FAGAN & SON, 
STEREOTYPE FOUNDERS, 
PHILADELPHIA. 










TO 


MY VALUED AND BELOVED FRIEND, 

WILLIAM B. ELLIOTT, 

WITHOUT WHOSE AID THESE PAGES WOULD NOT HAVE BEEN 
WRITTEN, AND BY WHOSE INDOMITABLE RESEARCHES 
AND SACRIFICIAL LIFE MANY PEARLS OF 
GREAT PRICE HAVE, FROM THE 
UNSEEN, BEEN GATHERED 
AND REVEALED. 














































































. 

























PREFACE. 


A T the request of many friends and pupils, the sub¬ 
stance of twelve lectures on Craniognomy is pub¬ 
lished in book form. 

It is the aim to present a deep insight into character in a 
scientific manner, by the fewest possible words, as their 
multiplication, somewhat bearing on the subject, has for 
years, and even centuries, been so misleading and unsatis¬ 
factory. 

The science is denominated Craniognomy, from Kpaviov , 
the skull, and yvQuov, index, or index of the skull. 

“That the brain is the organ of the mind, and that 
mental operations are possible only in and through the 
brain, is now so thoroughly well established and recog¬ 
nized, that we may, without further question, start from 
this as an ultimate fact.” (Ferrier’s Functions of the 
■ Brain , page 255.) 

There is nothing more truly scientific than to refer 
organism to organs. As the brain is the organ of the 
mind, so, also, the mind may be referred to organs. 

Craniognomy acknowledges the aid of the fathers of 
Phrenology, such as Gall, Spurzheim, Combe, and others. 
Phrenology, however, as taught of late, having, instead of 
a constant reference to organs, wandered away from that 
of the fathers and become more artistic than scientific,— 
mainly for this cause being rejected by the medical schools, 
— is found to be entirely unreliable. 

It also acknowledges the kindly services of the masters 
1* " v 



VI 


PREFACE. 


of philosophy and metaphysics, pathology, anatomy, and 
physiology; especially of the latest physiological workers, 
such as Sir Lionel Beale, Carpenter, and others, and the 
latest science generally. 

But Craniognomy owes most to the greatest of all books, 
the Holy Bible, and years of scientific research outside 
of books. 

First, “Division of the Brain” is given, as a general 
estimate of all the organs, of which we must never lose 
sight when taking note of their presence, size, activity, 
and predominance; giving an accuracy of judgment un¬ 
known by those who have placed entire dependence upon 
small bumps and hollows. 

To immediately follow this are eight chapters on “Or¬ 
gans, their Primary Functions,” which show the tendency 
of each individual organ. 

Next in order are a number of multiplications and divi¬ 
sions of Primary Functions, in a chapter on “Combina¬ 
tions.” 

Following, is a chapter on “Physiognomy,” showing 
what may, and what may not, be learned through its aid, 
and in w T hat light it should be regarded in the study of 
character. 

Lastly, a thorough exemplification of Dr. William Byrd 
Powell's “ System of Human Temperaments;” it not being 
taken from Dr. Powell’s book on that subject, but what 
the writer received from a former pupil of Dr. Powell, and 
with whom he has colabored in finding out and applying 
that which was to be depended upon in his teaching, and 
what to omit as unscientific. 

The result of a correct observation of organs, multiplied 
and divided by a thorough knowledge of “primary func¬ 
tions,” and a comprehension of the temperament, will give 
the characteristics of any individual. 


A. E. H. 


CONTENTS 


CHAPTEE I. 

DIVISION OF THE BRAIN. 

Introductory Kemarks — Anatomical Divi¬ 
sion — Craniognomical Division—The Me¬ 
dian Line, ..9-12 

CHAPTER II. 

ORGANS, THEIR PRIMARY FUNCTIONS. — PERCEPT1VES. 

[SOUL, OR OBJECTIVE SENSE.] 

Individuality—Form — Size —W eight—Color 
—Order—Humber,.12-17 

CHAPTEE III. 

ORGANS, CONTINUED — MEM OR Y. 

[mind, relative perceptives or receptives.J 

Eventuality—Locality—Direction—Time- 
Memory of Hames—Tune—Language, . 18-21 

CHAPTER IY. 

OR GA NS, CONTINUED — REFLECT IVES. 

[head qualities.] 

Reason—Understanding,.21-24 

CHAPTER Y. 

ORGANS, CONTINUED —SPIRITUAL FACULTIES. 

Beneficence—Benevolence — Y ener ation— 
Hope,.25-28 




Tin 


CONTEXTS 


CHAPTER YI. 

ORGANS, CONTINUED—THE ^ESTHETIC FACULTIES. 
Wit — Mlrthfulxess — Imitation — Fancy — 
Ideality—Wondee—Constructive:*ess, . 28-82 

CHAPTER YE. 

ORGANS, CONTINUED—THE MORAL FACULTIES. 
Firmness—Con vention alit y—W atchfulness 

— Cautiousness — Self-Esteem — Approba- 

TIYEXESS,. 33-88 

CHAPTER YIH. 

ORGANS, CONTINUED —PROPENSITIES. 
Alimentiveness— Bibativeness—Acquisitive¬ 
ness — Destructiveness — Secretiveness — 
Combativeness..39-43 

CHAPTER IX. 

ORGANS, CONTINUED —DOMESTIC FACULTIES. 
Continuity— Ixhabitiveness—Adhesiveness 

— Conjugality — Tenacity—Philoprogeni¬ 
tiveness — Amativeness,.44-47 

CHAPTER X. 

ORGANS, CONCL UDED —COMRINA TIONS. 
Introductory Remarks—Particular Combi¬ 
nations, .48-59 

CHAPTER XL 
PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Introductory Remarks — Poles of the Face, 59,60 

CHAPTER XII. 

TEMPERAMENTS. 

Introductory Remarks — The Division of 

THE TEMPEE AMENTS AND THEIR X AMES I THE 

Marks and Characteristics of Each,. . 61-71 










CRANIOGNOMY; 

OR, THE 

Science of Character. 


i. 

DIVISION OF THE BRAIN 

T®E first and most important object to claim 
our attention, is division of the brain by 
drawing imaginary lines. Unless we keep this 
principle of division continually before us, we 
shall forever be at a loss to account for facts 
which will not agree with the theories, as or¬ 
gans are frequently drawn upward, downward, 
backward, or forward, and are occasionally 
known only by the extent of surface occu¬ 
pied. 

From photographs, portraits, etc., we can 
tell nothing absolutely from small points, 
the “ division of the brain ” being the main 
principle by which we can at a glance tell 
character. It obviates the objection in rela- 



CKANIOGNOMY. 


10 

tion to the frontal and other sinuses, or con¬ 
volutions of the brain not agreeing with the 
outward surface of the skull, for, where the 
mass of the brain lies, there will the organs 
be gathered. 

ANATOMICAL DIVISION. 

The brain proper, is divided anatomically 
into three hemispheres, the right and left 
hemisphere of the cerebrum, separated by a 
membrane, called the “ falciform process,” (also 
subdivided into the anterior, middle and poste¬ 
rior lobes,) and the cerebellum, or little brain, 
which is separated from the other two by the 
tentorium, but which is connected with them 
by ramifying nerves through the medulla ob¬ 
longata or head of the spinal column. Physi¬ 
ologists have shown that the upper and frontal 
lobes are influential, that the right hemisphere 
rules the left side of the body and that the 
left hemisphere rules the right side of the 
body; also, that the back and lower portion of 
the brain is mainly automaton, and that one may 
continue to live and perform the functions of 
humanity, with either the right or left hemi¬ 
sphere destroyed — there being, however, a 


DIVISION OF THE BRAIN. 


11 


manifest weakness in tlie individual so affected 
— but not for any great length of time with 
the organs of both sides destroyed, or without 
the cerebellum, which is motor. 


CRANIO GNOMICAL DIVISION. 

Divide the brain into four sections by two 
imaginary lines: 

First: Draw a line from the opening of the 
ear — which is used as a landmark — perpen¬ 
dicularly, upward to the top of the head and 
notice whether the fore, called the “frontal,” 
or the back, called the “ occipital ” region of 
the brain predominates. 

Secondly : Draw another line, from the open¬ 
ing of the ear, forward in a horizontal direc¬ 
tion, to the corner of the eye and backward to 
the small protuberance in the. back part of 
the head, known as the occiput, and notice 
whether the upper, called the “coronal,” or 
lower, called the “ basil,” region of the brain 
predominates. The organs are generally drawn 
towards the predominating regions. The frontal 
is superior to the occipital, the coronal to the 
basil region. Particularly notice if the neck 


12 


CEANIOGNOMY. 


is wide and deep, if so, then we may assume 
that a mass of brain lies in the neck. 

THE MEDIAN LINE. 

The median line of the head, from the root 
of the nose to below the occiput, is superior, 
and as we diverge from this line, the faculties 
become more and more superficial. Then, of 
the “ medium line/’ the frontal is superior to 
the occipital portion. 


II. 

ORGANS i THEIR PRIMARY FUNC¬ 
TIONS 

T17E select the forepart of the head for our 
starting-place, in taking up individual 
organs, because it is the higher, the intellectual 
and superior portion of the brain. In making 
particular examination, it is best to touch as 
well as look at the cranium, that the hair may 
not conceal the prominence or depression of 
certain organs. To do this properly, always 
stand in front of the person under examination, 
and use both hands. It must be remembered, 



PERCEPTIVES. 


13 


that generally, there is a correspondence be¬ 
tween the organs on each side of the brain, and 
in speaking of an organ, we speak of both as 
one. 

PERCEPTIVES. 

[SOUL, OR OBJECTIVE SENSE.] 

Perceptive, derived from per and capio, to 
take; hence this word is applied to those organs 
which recognize, or take cognizance of exter¬ 
nalities and their qualities and give conscious¬ 
ness. They have been called “ knowing or¬ 
gans.” They are the medium by which we 
correct inward impressions by reference to out¬ 
side objects. 

Their situation is along and beneath the 
brows and run from the outer corner of one 
eye to that of the other, including the organ 
of Form, which is denoted by width between 
the eyes. 

They are shown by an arched appearanc i 
and a great deal of surface across the brows. 
When deficient, the brows, looking at them 
sideways, generally appear horizontal and with 
an apparent lack of surface. 

Persons with these organs largely developed, 
2 


14 


CEANIOGNOMY. 


sometimes find themselves staring at surround¬ 
ing objects. Their memory is associative. 

The Perceptives are seven in number, viz.: 
Individuality, Form, Size,Weight, Color, Order, 
and Number. 

INDIVIDUALITY. 

From in, not, and divido , to divide; hence, 
not divided, one, whole, or single, situate in 
the middle, lower part of the forehead, at the 
root of the nose. When large, it is shown by 
a broad and prominent appearance between the 
brows. When small, the brows frequently ap¬ 
pear to run together. 

This organ, as its name indicates, takes cog¬ 
nizance of things individually, things in gen¬ 
eral as they exist, of their being, not of their 
quality, as, a horse, a tree, a company. 

Persons with this organ very largely devel¬ 
oped, generally know something of all objects 
which have ever come within their range of 
vision, and remember through association. 

FORM. 

From forma, shape, appearance. 

Situate and generally shown by breadth 
between the eyes. When deficient, the eyes 


PERCEPTIVES. 


15 


have frequently the appearance of running 
together. 

Its primary function is noticing and remem¬ 
bering shapes, forms, and images. Its most 
distinctive quality is memory of faces. 

Persons with this organ largely developed 
will remember those with whom they have 
been associated, after years of separation. A 
deficiency is often the cause of many embar¬ 
rassing mistakes, such as passing friends and 
acquaintances without recognition. It is also 
connected with the seeing of apparitions, as it 
gives shape to images in the mind. The Cath¬ 
olics, who use forms for symbols, are remark¬ 
able for large development of Form. It is a 
very essential organ to portrait painters. 

SIZE. 

From the root of assize , that which sets or 
fixes. 

Situate on either side of Individuality. 

Its large development indicates the ability 
to judge of the relative proportion, or the 
length, breadth, extent, etc., hence distance, 
space. Supposed to be the chief element in 
the talent for the perspective. 


16 


CRANIOGNOMY. 


WEIGHT. 

From weigh , to bear, to carry; hence balance. 

Situate next to Size, outwardly along the brow. 

Its large development indicates the cajDacity 
to judge very accurately of bulk or weight. 
Persons with this organ largely developed, can 
frequently approximate the weight of many 
things at sight. It is useful where balancing 
is required, as in walking, riding, shooting, 
skating, etc. Also to the engineer, who judges 
of the calibre of machinery. Although some 
persons may gain a degree of proficiency, where 
balancing is required, from the aid of other 
organs when it is deficient, they will lack the 
fulness of power that its large development 
gives. Intoxication and sea-sickness are sup¬ 
posed to be due, in great measure, to a dis¬ 
turbance of this organ. 

COLOR. 

From color , a hue, shade, or complexion. 

Situate next to Weight, and about the centre 
of either brow. 

Its primary function is perception of shades 
and distinction in hues. Those who have this 
organ only partially developed, may distin- 


PERCEPT IVES. 


17 


guish decided colors, but will be at a loss to 
discriminate shades and tints. Generally, the 
eye is the medium through which color is re¬ 
vealed to this organ, but it is not so with the 
blind, some of whom excel in their judgment 
of color. It is a necessary organ to painters 
and others. 

ORDER. 

From or do, method or arrangement. 

Situate next to Color, near the corner of the 
brow, at the external angle of the lower part 
of the forehead. 

Its primary function is love of order and 
arrangement, but not necessarily certain rules 
of order, as there may be order about what 
might appear to some persons as disorder. 

NUMBER. 

From numero , to count, to recount. 

Situate at the outer corner of the eye, and is 
sometimes known by a lengthened surface, in¬ 
stead of prominence, which may also be the 
case with other organs, as before mentioned. 

Its primary function is enumeration, and it 
is a strong element in calculation and mathe¬ 
matics. 

2* B 


18 


CRANIOGNOMY. 


III. 

(ORGANS, CONTINUED.) 

MEMORY. 

[MIND, RELATIVE PERCEPTIVES OR 
RECEPTIVES .] 

TjMtOM memory to recount, to recite. 

■*" This region is situated just above the Per- 
ceptives, running across the forehead. It is 
the retentive region, and holds what the senses 
gather. The children of to-day generally have 
Memory developed to an abnormal degree at 
the expense of the Perceptives. 

They are seven in number, viz., Eventuality, 
Locality, Direction, Time, Memory of Names, 
Tune, and Language. 

EVENTUALITY. 

From e and venio , to come; hence an occur¬ 
rence. 

Situate in the centre of the forehead, imme¬ 
diately above Individuality. 

Its primary function is memory of details. 
It retains past and passing events. It may 
be likened unto a mirror which reflects thou- 


MEMORY. 


19 


sands of incidents thrown upon it. It merely 
reproduces, therefore the great element in cal¬ 
culation and everything wherein there is de¬ 
tails. 

It is a necessary organ to the historian, the 
lawyer, the musician, and others. 

LOCALITY. 

From locus , place. 

Is almond shaped, running diagonally on 
either side of Eventuality. 

Its primary function is memory of place, 
where things are located. Persons with this 
organ largely developed, on coming to a place 
the second time, recognize the locality. 

It is a necessary organ to the geographer, 
the geometrician, and others. 

DIRECTION ; 

From di and rego , rectus , to make straight. 

Situate at the lower and outer portion of 
Locality, and was originally included in that 
organ. One may, however, know the locality 
when reached, yet be at a loss to know the 
direction, and vice versa. 

It is necessary for guides. 


CRANIOGNOMY. 


TIME. 

From tima, to befall. 

Lies next to Locality, above Color, and a part 
of Weight. 

Its primary function is measurement of 
time. 

It is a necessary organ for the musician and 
others. 

MEMORY OF NAMES. 

Situate next to and just beyond Time. 

Its primary function is remembrance of par¬ 
ticular words, such as names. 

TUNE. 

From tono , to sound. 

Situate just beyond Memory of Names, at the 
anterior-lateral side of the head. 

Its primary function is memory of harmo¬ 
nies of sound; hence, appreciation of correct 
musical harmony. 

LANGUAGE. 

From lingua , the tongue, or speech. 

Situate in the posterior and transverse part 
of the upper orbital plate, pressing the latter, 


REFLECTIVES. 


21 


and with it the eyes, more or less downward 
and outward. 

Its primary function is memory of words in 
general, hut not in particular, and gives a 
fluency of speech. 

It is a necessary organ for public speakers 
and wherever an easy flow of words is required. 


IV. 

(ORGANS, CONTINUED.) 

REFLECTIVES. 

[HEAD QUALITIES.'] 

Tj^ROM re> again, and jlectere , to bend. 

■*" Include the organs of Reason and Under¬ 
standing. These faculties were originally called 
“ Comparison ” and “ Causality,” but their func¬ 
tions were so misconceived as frequently to 
attribute to one what properly belonged to the 
other; thus, to what was called “ Causality/’ rea¬ 
soning was applied, and caused as much confu¬ 
sion as Locke’s “ Essay on the Understanding,” 



22 


CRANIOGNOMY. 


wherein no distinction was made between Un¬ 
derstanding and Reason, this distinction being 
plainly shown in Coleridge’s “Aids to Reflec¬ 
tion.” 

What the senses have gathered and the mind 
retained, these organs revolve and draw con¬ 
clusions therefrom. 


REASON. 

From ratus , reor, to think, to suppose. 

Situate at the upper and central portion of 
the forehead, above Eventuality. 

It is properly divided into “ Theoretical Rea¬ 
son,” the lower portion; and “ Practical Reason” 
— demonstrated by Kant, in his “Critique of 
Pure Reason,” to be the true conscience — the 
upper part. 

The primary function of Reason is the direct 
knowledge of the unseen, or spiritual, which 
being the true, the eternal, it deals in realities, 
the simplicity of things, primaries, first prin¬ 
ciples ; hence the faculty of originality, genius, 
the diamond. It is deductive — not inductive, 
or adapted to sense relations; cannot judge of 
the seen, or visible, and when used for that 
purpose is liable to preconceptions; is theo- 


REFLECTIVES. 


23 


retical and speculative — deals in universals, 
the alls, the wholes, the beginnings and ends— 
not means. This organ is said to be found in 
mankind only, never in animals. 

Persons with it largely developed are com¬ 
prehensive, inseeing, philosophical, prophetical, 
analytical, synthetical, and analogical, continu¬ 
ally ask “ why,” and require a comparison to 
fix the thought, are profound, have premoni¬ 
tions, forewarnings, etc. 

To follow the true dictates of Reason in its 
right adaptation, is to go correctly, and by so 
doing, though it may seem foolish according to 
worldly wisdom, one becomes truly wise. 

UNDERSTANDING. 

From under , beneath, and stand , to fix. 

Situate on either side of Reason, above the 
memory region, at the upper part of the fore¬ 
head, and sometimes known by a prominence 
above the eye under the brow. Its activity is 
frequently seen by a shiny appearance at the 
anterior-lateral portion of the head. 

The inner and also the upper part is the 
intellectual portion, and the lower part the 
cunning. 


24 


CRANIOGNOMY. 


The primary function of Understanding is 
judgment according to sense — the opposite to 
Reason. It judges of the seen entirely, and 
knows nothing of the unseen. Many j3ersons 
have endeavored to use this organ to judge of 
the unseen, and made lamentable failures. It 
is therefore inductive, reflective, apprehensive, 
and logical. 

It is very necessary that we judge correctly 
of that which our senses perceive, and this is 
the organ that enables us to do it, as it works 
upon means or surfaces, giving the serpent’s or 
worldly wisdom. Solomon says: “ Wisdom ” 
(true wisdom) “the principal thing; get wis¬ 
dom: and with all thy getting,, get under¬ 
standing.” 

Many animals are endowed with this faculty, 
and judge correctly according to sense, doing 
that which displays reflection. 


SPIRITUAL FACULTIES. 


25 


V. 

(ORGANS, CONTINUED.) 

SPIRITUAL FACULTIES 

T?ROM spiro , to breathe; life. 

Although there is a spiritedness about the 
whole Median Line and Reason, as dealing with 
the unseen, is pre-eminently spiritual in its func¬ 
tion, yet, for the sake of classification, Reason 
comes properly under “The Reflective Facul¬ 
ties.” 

These organs are four in number, viz., Benefi¬ 
cence, Benevolence, Veneration, and Hope. 

BENEFICENCE. 

From bene> good, and facio, to do, to act. 

Situate just above Practical Reason, in the 
centre of the foretop of the head. 

Its primary function is merciful action and 
doing good. It may be termed “ Practical 
Benevolence.” 

Its large development indicates great sense 
of justice, pity, mercy, and forgiveness; “ takes 
the poor by the hand,” and is the organ of 
charity and kindness. It is the grand organ 
in philanthropy. 

3 


26 


CRANIOGNOMY. 


Some persons may have it largely developed, 
yet their acts of kindness be unseen. 

BENEVOLENCE. 

From bene, good, and volo, to wish; hence 
to wish well. 

Situate next to and back of Beneficence — 
originally including that organ — along the 
Medium Line. 

Its primary function is sympathy, though 
one may wish well and do nothing for others. 
It is, however, kindly in its intentions. 

Pathologically, it is shown by expressions 
of sympathy and good-will, yet it may be used 
as a servant to other faculties as a means to 
promote selfish ends. 

It is a very necessary organ to the nurse and 
doctor, to sympathize with the patient. 

VENERA TION. 

From venero , veneror , to worship, to adore. 

Situate about the centre of the Median Line, 
back of Benevolence. 

Its primary function is bowing down and 
looking up; hence humility, and giving re¬ 
spect to whatever seems most worthy. As all 
acknowledge the supremacy of an Author, God, 


SPIRITUAL FACULTIES. 


27 


a Supreme Ruler, he is the great object of vene¬ 
ration, though some persons may venerate 
many things that are unworthy of respect. 

HOPE. 

From cupio, to reach forward, to extend, to 
desire. 

Situate on each side of Veneration, near the 
middle portion of the head. When deficient, 
there generally appears to be a hollow or sink 
in the cranium at that place. 

Its primary function is waiting. It is 
adapted to the unseen. “For we are saved 
by hope: but hope that is seen is not hope, for 
what a man seeth, why doth he yet hope for ? 
But if we hope for that we see not, do we with 
patience wait for it.” Romans viii. 24, 25. 

Its large development indicates a sober turn 
to the character; and in the dark day and 
trying hour, persons with large Hope are not 
surprised at sudden calamities and great disas¬ 
ters. It is not adapted to prosperity, the day, 
but to adversity, the night-time,—not to money 
relations and things visible, but to the invisible, 
to extremities, real trouble, sickness, the care of 
the sick, etc., but not to imaginary trouble. 


28 


CEANIOGNOMY. 


They who have a deficiency of this organ 
are liable to become panic-stricken in un¬ 
looked-for accidents; but with it well devel¬ 
oped, the contrary is the case, — are seldom 
affected by epidemics, depend upon the unseen, 
and wait patiently in time of great trial and 
tribulation. 

It is defined by the beautiful stanza of 
Goldsmith: — 

“ Hope, like the glimmering taper’s light, 

Adorns and cheers the way; 

And still, as darker grows the night, 

Emits a brighter ray.” 


VI. 

(ORGANS, CONTINUED.) 

THE AESTHETIC FACULTIES. 

T^ROM aiGdyjnxog , fitted for perception. 

These are the perfective organs, as they 
relate to art, invention, etc., the critical and 
imaginary, the polish and ornamental, and 
create the desire for perfection. 

They are seven in number, viz., Wit, Mirth- 



THE ESTHETIC FACULTIES. 


29 


fulness, Imitation, Wonder, Fancy, Ideality, 
and Constructiveness. 


WIT. 

From wissen, to know. 

Situate next to Understanding. 

This faculty, as well as the organs on either 
side of it, is also frequently shown by a square¬ 
ness of the upper and lateral portion of the 
head. 

Its primary function is making a peculiar 
play upon words, which emit a savory smell, 
tickling and creating merriment, without con¬ 
taining sarcasm. 

MIRTHFULNESS. 

From mirght , mirig , merry. 

Is the back part of Wit, and was originally 
included in that organ. 

Its primary function is the appreciation of 
wit—not creative. It gives the laugh. 

IMITATION. 

From imitor, to counterfeit, to resemble. 

Situate on either side of Benevolence, and 
frequently shown by a transverse ridge. 

3 * 


80 


CRANIOGNOMY. 


Its primary function is copying or repro¬ 
ducing, hence belonging to all branches of art. 
There is also an imaging caused by Imitation, 
which is necessary in order to produce a like¬ 
ness of an original. It is a very necessary 
organ to actors and others. 

FANCY. 

From phantasia, a vision. 

Situate immediately back of Mirthfulness, at 
the anterior and lateral part of the head. 

Its primary function is a lively play of 
visions and images. In many respects it is 
closely allied to Imitation and Wit, dealing in 
shadows and relating to that which is seen. It 
is greatly a heart quality. 

This organ is probably referred to in the 
passage: “The heart deceitful above all, and 
desperately wicked.” 

Persons with it largely developed are for¬ 
ever chasing shadows. 

Of the leadings of Fancy, half has never 
been told. 

IDEALITY. 

From idea , a model. 

Situate back of Fancy, at the middle-lateral 


THE ESTHETIC FACULTIES. 


31 


portion of the head, and originally included 
that organ. 

Its primary function is imaginative perfec¬ 
tion ; deals in shadows, which are of themselves 
the quintessence of nothing. Ideality and 
Fancy weave webs and build castles in the air. 
Ideality differs from Fancy in that it generally 
gives a purer turn to the thoughts. 

Ideality was originally called the Organ of 
Poetry, and it or Fancy has been found very 
largely developed in all our standard poets. 

The large development of either of these 
organs indicate self-making qualities, critical 
discriminations, and sensitiveness. 

WONDER. 

From <paiv(d , to show. 

Situate at the turn of the head, back of Imi¬ 
tation, and immediately above Ideality. It is 
also often shown by the raised brow. 

Its primary function is the appreciation of 
the marvellous. It was called by Dr. Gall 
“Marvellousness,” and its primary function 
given as sensibility to impressions. It has been 
very erroneously named by one Phrenologist 
“ Spirituality/’ but it relates entirely to the 


32 


CRANIOGNOMY. 


seen, and not to the unseen or spiritual. It is 
the principal organ in curiosity. To a new¬ 
born child everything is wonderful. Coleridge 
says: “ Everything begins in wonder and ends 
in wonder.’’ This organ is also concerned in 
the seeing of shadows. Persons possessing a 
large development of it, deal in the symbolical, 
as the prophets. 

CONSTE UCTIVENESS. 

From con , together, and struo , to make. 

Situate below Fancy and Ideality, and imme¬ 
diately back of Tune, at the lateral part of the 
head. 

Its primary function is to build or construct, 
and co-works very readily with other organs. 
It is the inventive faculty, and is a very neces¬ 
sary organ to the inventor, the designer, or 
originator, who puts together and utilizes that 
which before laid idle. 


THE MORAL FACULTIES 


33 


VII. 


(OKGANS, CONTINUED.) 

THE MORAL FACULTIES. 



mos , moriSy manner. 


These faculties are not spiritual, are not 
necessarily religious, but moral, or relate to the 
manner of the person, or one’s way. 

They are six in number, viz., Firmness, 
Conventionality, Watchfulness, Cautiousness, 
Self-Esteem, and Approbativeness. 


FIRMNESS. 


From firmo , to fix. 

Situate back of Veneration, in the Median 
Line, at the posterior-central part of the head. 

This organ may be again properly divided 
into the forepart, the primary function of which 
is steadfastness, patience, and the back part, 
the primary function of which is stubbornness 
or stiff-neckedness. 

The large development of Firmness indicates 
perseverance, holding on to the uttermost, not 
giving up. A deficiency of this organ always 
argues a fickleness or want of steadfastness. 


34 


CRANIOGNOMY. 


CONVENTIONA LITY. 

From con, together, and venio, to coma. 

Situate back of Hope, and on either side of 
Firmness, at the posterior and lateral portion 
of the coronal region. 

Its primary function is action, directly oppo¬ 
site to that of Hope. 

It was originally, and still is, erroneously 
called by Phrenologists “ Conscientiousness,” 
but scientific demonstration has shown, that 
though as far as con , which means together, 
is concerned, it is correct, but that there is 
no science, from scio, to know, or knowledge 
about this organ, it never reaching further than 
mere belief, and being the organ of “ mere be¬ 
lief,” it may believe a lie, therefore the princi¬ 
pal organ in lying. This serious mistake has 
led to many errors, as taking “ Conscientious¬ 
ness ” for a truly spiritual faculty, which such 
a name would indicate, it was supposed the 
possession of this organ would have a tendency 
to lead to the true, the right, and the noble, 
which is contrary to the fact. They were 
also probably misled by its giving a regularity 
to the possessor, but it regulates in that it 


THE MORAL FACULTIES. 


35 


comes round and round to tlie same thing 
though not necessarily to the right thing; and 
also though it may give regret, it does not give 
remorse. 

The upper part of this organ gives more 
particularly a binding to duty, the lower and 
outer portion a binding to table-of-stone law, 
custom, ceremony, tradition, etc., and going by 
rules and orders. It bows down to whatever 
it conceives to be authority, is the faculty of 
gregariousness or sociability, the show, the 
“ put on gives outward composure, self-con¬ 
fidence, and oftentimes self-conceit; is the organ 
of hand-work or practicability, hence slavery, 
causing inward restlessness; deals with the 
seen, or temporal and worldly, not with the 
unseen or spiritual, and is a great element in 
money-making and covetousness. 

Persons with this organ largely developed 
are not “ lone going,” but must have company, 
hence adapted to the military, to the day, not to 
the night-time; to prosperity, not to adversity. 

When under the right lead it is most 
blessed; but associated with wrong-doing, leads 
to the commitment of the greatest crimes. 
Ninety-nine per cent, of convicted murderers 


36 


CRANIOGNOM Y. 


and criminals of all classes have this organ 
largely developed. 

WATCHFULNESS. 

From vachta , to rouse, to guard. 

Situate back of Ideality and below Conven¬ 
tionality, at the middle and lateral portion of 
the bead. 

Its primary function is alertness. It is 
adapted to the present, or to dangers near at 
band, to vigilance; though one may become 
involved in great danger with this organ 
largely developed, there will be a lively sense 
of its presence and a watchfulness when there¬ 
in. The activity of this organ increases the 
flow of blood to the head, giving a wakeful¬ 
ness and activity to all the organs, concen¬ 
trating their action on any particular object. 
Persons with it largely developed do not usu¬ 
ally fall into very sound, sometimes called 
“dead slee}},” are adapted to working un¬ 
derneath the ground, as in the mines, and 
are not so liable to be robbed in the dark, 
as it is more adapted to the night than the 
day-time. It is a very necessary organ to 
the watchman or scout. 


THE MORAL FACULTIES. 


37 


CAUTIOUSNESS. 

From caveo, to take care. 

Situate back of Watchfulness and below Con¬ 
ventionality, at the posterior-lateral portion of 
the head. 

Its primary function is prudence, or guard¬ 
ing the future. It is not adapted to near 
danger, but to that which is likely to come; 
therefore one with this organ largely developed 
may become involved in many unlooked-for 
accidents, and appear reckless at times. Its 
manifestation is shown in solicitude for the 
future and wariness of speculation or risk 
with money. They who lack Cautiousness are 
always more or less imprudent. 

SELF-ESTEEM. 

From self, an individual or one, and cestimo, 
to honor. 

Situate back of Firmness in the Median 
Line, at the vertex or back of the head. 

It may properly be subdivided into the fore 
and back part. The primary function of the 
fore part is self-respect, appreciation of one’s 
self, giving dignity of manner, but not self- 
confidence; the function of the latter part is 
love of power. 

4 


38 


CRANIOGNOMY. 


Pride is one of the manifestations of Self- 
Esteem, but primarily never self-conceit. 

APPR OB A TIVENESS. 

From approbo , to approve. 

Situate back of Conventionality on either 
side of Self-Esteem. When largely developed, 
it generally produces a fulness of the upper 
part of the back head. 

Its primary function is love of approval, 
seeking praise and commendation from those 
around; therefore giving a great desire to 
please. Its manifestation has been called the 
“ don’t-hate-me ” element in the character. It 
is adapted to the sunshine and prosperity, not 
to adversity; loves to “put on airs,” but fre¬ 
quently pretends to dislike display or admira¬ 
tion, and does not wish to be thought at all 
vain. It is, however, the organ of vanity, and 
tends toward conceit. 

Persons with it largely developed sometimes 
give undue praise to others, that they may 
enjoy a return of the same, manifest a fickle¬ 
ness like the weathercock, and frequently turn 
suddenly against those whom a moment before 
they pretended to greatly admire. 


PROPENSITIES. 


39 


VIII. 


(ORGANS, CONTINUED.) 

PROPENSITIES : 



Tj^ROM propensio, inclination. 

These organs are shown in a general way 
by a width and depth of neck. When pre¬ 
dominant, the basil region is much larger than 
the coronal. 

They are good servants, but bad masters, and 
though useful and necessary for the mainte¬ 
nance of life, their abuse leads to degradation 
and crime. 

They are six in number, viz., Alimentiveness, 
Bibativeness, Acquisitiveness, Destructiveness, 
Secretiveness, and Combativeness. 


ALIMENTIVENESS. 


From alo , alitum , to feed. 

Situate in front of Constructiveness, at the 
lower-anterior portion of the head, running 
forward into the upper part of the cheek or 
side face. 

Its primary function is enjoyment or love of 
food. The gormant or epicure panders to this 


40 


CRANIOGNOMY. 


propensity, a large development indicating a 
liability to over-eat. 

BIBATIVENESS. 

From bibo , bibitum , to drink. 

Situate in tlie extreme lower-anterior portion 
of the brain, and shown by a widened appear¬ 
ance of the neck, back, and below the angle of 
the jaw, as apparent in the duck or goose. 

Its primary function is a propensity for 
water or other liquids. It has been aptly 
termed “The Drink Principle.” This organ 
was placed too high up in the head by the 
Phrenologists, and very little account made of 
it. Persons having it largely developed have 
a liking for seasoning in their food, especially 
salt. It is valuable for invalids to know that 
one with this organ largely developed will 
thrive in a moist atmosphere, or on a sea- 
voyage, and are invigorated with much bathing 
and strong water treatment. Its absence dis¬ 
poses a like ratio in the opposite direction; 
water weakens; they cannot bear a damp 
atmosphere, much bathing, etc. A knowledge 
of the foregoing is necessary to physicians, in 
order to advise their patients whether to go to 


PROPENSITIES. 


41 


the sea-shore or mountains. Many deaths are 
occasioned from ignorance of this principle, 
mere experiment often misleading, as a change 
of air to a damp climate may temporarily bene¬ 
fit one in whom this organ is deficient, but a 
continuance in the same place may cause grave 
results. 


ACQUISITIVENESS. 

From ad and quareo , to seek, to follow^. 

Situate back of Constructiveness, and below 
Ideality, at the lateral portion of the head. Be¬ 
sides being shown by prominence and surface, 
it is also marked by a wideness of the head just 
above and in front of the ears. 

The primary function of the fore iDart is to 
save, and the back part to get or obtain. Ac¬ 
quisitiveness is the organ of acquiring, the 
great factor in money-making, and used also in 
acquiring other things as well. It particularly 
appeals to possessions belonging to one’s self. 
Carried to excess, it promotes selfishness and 
covetousness. It was originally called the Or¬ 
gan of Theft, and its abuse leads its possessor 
to “ take things ” belonging to others, lawfully 
as well as unlawfully. 

4 * 


42 


CRANIOGNOMY. 


DESTR UCTIVENESS. 

From de struo, to pull down or break, to 
overthrow. 

Situate above the ear at the lateral middle 
portion of the head. Besides being shown by 
breadth between the ears, prominence, and sur¬ 
face, it is also known by smallish ears and the 
setting of the ear. Its development is denoted 
by the upper portion of the ear lying closely 
to the head, and the lower part standing out¬ 
wardly, the ear inclining towards a horizontal 
position, or the lower portion being long, thick, 
and fat, and placed in the neck instead of sit¬ 
ting perpendicularly on the head. 

Its primary function is aggressiveness, the 
attack, not only people, but everything; is an 
element in money-getting; is violent in its 
nature, and if followed, becomes bloodthirsty 
and murderous; was called by Dr. Gall the 
Organ of Murder; in contests, trying to disable 
antagonists at the first blow. 

It gives the dash, is adapted to the military 
where there is wholesale slaughter. Young 
ladies with it largely developed are apt to be 
coquettes. It is a useful organ to surgeons 


PROPENSITIES. 


43 


and others. It is manifested in beasts of prey, 
such as the tiger, etc. 

SECRETIVENESS. 

From scemo , to separate. 

Situate below Cautiousness and immediately 
above Destructiveness, at the middle-lateral 
portion of the head, and generally extends 
longitudinally. 

Its primary function is to separate or hide 
away. Its right use is adjunctive to prudence, 
but it may be used in hiding the truth, in cun¬ 
ning and sharp practice, though it is not the 
organ of lying.* 

It is shown pathologically in the cat in con¬ 
tradistinction to the dog. 

COMB A TIVENESS. 

From com and battre , to beat against. 

Situate behind the ears, back of Destructive¬ 
ness, and can be touched on either side by the 
finger and thumb outspread. Also known by 
the perpendicular ear, standing outwardly at 
the top, and tapering downward. 


* See Conventionality. 



44 


CRANIOGNOMY. 


Its primary function is resistance. It never 
attacks, but resists aggression and opposing 
elements. It gives moral courage, and meets 
difficulties squarely. 


IX. 

(ORGANS, CONTINUED.) 

DOMESTIC FACULTIES 

Tj^ROM domus, habitation, house, or abode. 

1 These organs are left until the last, as 
they are situated at the back part of the head, 
and therefore at the farthest point from which 
we commenced in the lectures on the Primary 
Functions of Organs. 

They are properly named “ Domestic,” be¬ 
cause adapted to domestic relations. They are 
all in the occipital region of the head, and are 
seven in number, viz., Continuity, Inhabitive- 
ness, Adhesiveness, Philoprogenitiveness, Con¬ 
jugality, Tenacity, and Amativeness. 

CONTINUITY. 

From con , together, and teneo , to hold. 

Situate back and below Self-Esteem, and 
takes a crescent shape, with points down. 



DOMESTIC FACULTIES. 


45 


Its primary function is continuance, the op¬ 
posite to versatility, which its deficiency indi¬ 
cates. Its large development indicates a desire 
to continue at one object, as a business occupa¬ 
tion, with a loth to change. Concentration 
was attributed to this organ, but that properly 
belongs to Watchfulness, which see. 

IN HA BIT IVENESS. 

From in and habito , to dwell. 

Situate below Continuity, the centre of the 
occipital region. 

Its primary function is love of place. The 
development of this organ does not preclude 
its possessor from roaming, though having an 
influence towards keeping in the same place. 
It indicates a desire to return to an old home 
or familiar spot. To such an one, former asso¬ 
ciations are always dear. 

ADHESIVENESS. 

From ad and hcereo , to stick. 

Situate on either side of Inhabitiveness, be¬ 
low Approbativeness. 

Its primary function is clinging, as the vine 


46 


CRANIOGNOMY. 


to the wall. It is indicated in the little child 
leaning on a companion, but is frequently the 
opposite to friendship in character. It is also 
manifested in the politician depending upon his 
constituents. 


CONJUGALITY. 

From con , together, and jugo , to join. 

Situate below Adhesiveness, at the lower-pos¬ 
terior portion of the head. 

Its primary function is a joining or love for 
one person in particular. It is sometimes called 
“ Union for Life,” or the pairing quality, living 
with one mate — not polygamous. 


TENACITY. 

From teneo , to hold. 

Situate back of Combativeness, and imme¬ 
diately below Cautiousness. 

Its primary function is clinging to life. 
Many persons “ given up ” during sickness as 
having very little vitality, the principle of 
Tenacity being entirely overlooked, great sur¬ 
prise ensues at their recovery. 


DOMESTIC FACULTIES. 


47 


PHIL OPR 0 GENITIVENESS . 

From a lover, and 'progeny , offspring. 

Situate below Inhabitiveness, at the centre of 
the lower and posterior portion of the head. 

Its primary function is love of children or 
pets. Its possession indicates tenderness and 
delight in attending the young. Generally it 
is developed to a greater degree in females than 
in males. 

AMATIVENESS. 

From amo, to love. 

Situate in the cerebellum or little brain, at 
the lower-lateral portion of the head, between 
the mastoid processes on either side, frequently 
far down in the neck. 

Its primary function is animal vigor, giving 
vitality, not tenacity; also motor power to the 
body, strong sex principle, and has to do with 
creation or progeneration, and disposes a par¬ 
tiality to those of the opposite sex. A de¬ 
ficiency of this organ always indicates a lack 
of bodily vigor. 


48 


CRANIOGNOMY, 


X. 

(ORGANS, CONTINUED.) 

COMBINATIONS. 

A S every grain of sand, under very close ex- 
^ amination, is found to be different from any 
other one, so, too, every human being is found to 
be differentiated in character, a thorough knowl¬ 
edge of Organs, and their Primary Functions, 
alone being the foundation on which we can 
build, in order to arrive at a scientific accuracy 
as to the working of the mind. We then form 
a correct knowledge of the whole character, or 
its interpretation, by a system of comprehensive 
reasoning from this knowledge of Primary 
Functions that make what is called “ Combina¬ 
tions,” or the result of the co-working of organs 
and their modifications. Whenever at a loss , 
always refer back to “Primary Functions A 
In the space of one, two, or a dozen lectures, 
it is not possible to give all the combinations 
and modifications to be met with in their mul¬ 
tiplied forms. The minute characteristics must, 
of course, be worked out by the observer, who 
will meet with combinations and modifications 


COMBINATIONS. 


49 


alone, peculiar to the individual under exami¬ 
nation. 

This chapter will, however, embrace a con¬ 
siderable number of principal combinations, and 
serve as a guide to the student. 

The largest organs rule, and the smaller ones 
modify their tendencies. 

Then, again, the organs may be unequally 
developed on each hemisphere of the brain. 
An organ may be largely developed on one 
side, and be very deficient on the other, but as 
mentioned in the “ Division of the Brain,” the 
left side of the brain rules the right side of the 
body, and vice verm . The left side of the 
brain, however, rules generally, therefore the 
cast of the character will be more after the 
manifestation of the organs on that side, al¬ 
though the right side of the brain has occa¬ 
sional periods of control. Unequal develop¬ 
ment, however, is rare. 

PARTICULAR COMBINATIONS. 

Perceptives, Soul or Sense, combined with 
Memory or Mind, indicate great power of ob¬ 
servation and memory of things and their qual- 
5 D 


50 


CRANIOGNOMY. 


ities; therefore one with these faculties largely 
developed would be good at the study of Anat¬ 
omy. Such persons tire you with the details 
in relating a story, tell where, the time, the 
place, how everything looked, etc. 

Such a combination without Reflectives merely 
gather and reproduce, but do not use ideas, or 
act with reflection. Many Negroes and former 
slaves have this combination; also animals of 
the Monkey tribe, the Chimpanzee, and others, 
though some of them have also the lower part 
of Understanding, and display reflection. 

Perceptives, Soul or Sense, combined with 
Understanding, indicate good judgment in all 
sense relations, especially if combined with 
Conventionality, which works by rule. Per¬ 
sons with a large development of these organs 
are very generally successful in all sense rela¬ 
tions, whatever they may undertake, are prac¬ 
tical, worldly-wise, make money in all kinds of 
business, professional life, and so on. 

Such persons with a large development of 
Constructiveness are the successful inventors. 

Perceptives combined with Reason indicate 
intuitive perception. 


COMBINATIONS. 


51 


Persons with this combination largely de¬ 
veloped have premonitions, warnings, intuition 
of what will be, through analogy, not through 
calculation, nor through inductive observation, 
but more particularly through deduction, and 
are synthetical after deduction has taken place. 
First impressions, therefore, are always correct; 
hence, natural character-readers, remarkably 
successful at beginnings in sense relations, are 
natural doctors of medicine and natural schol¬ 
ars, whether they ever see a book or not. 

Memory or Mind combined with Understand¬ 
ing indicates good judgment through induc¬ 
tion, as inductive observation; combined with 
Conventionality, indicates sight, but not insight 
or intuition, the ability of mind-reading, or 
good at guessing. Persons with this combina¬ 
tion are not adapted to new places, but are 
very generally successful in well-beaten paths 
when qualified by training, and frequently be¬ 
come very learned. They are adapted to the 
law and mercantile routine work; are worldly- 
wise, but Solomon’s fool; generally taken to 
be just what they are not; unsafe as leaders, 
and know nothing of the unseen, but deal 


52 


CRANIOGNOMY. 


entirely with the seen. Little children with 
this combination largely developed reflect what 
their ]3arents or older people say, or are about 
to say, and are frequently thought to be “ won¬ 
derful children,” but really have no compre¬ 
hension of what they are talking about. 

Persons of this combination, if Hope is de¬ 
ficient, are also liable to get panic-stricken by 
sudden and unforeseen circumstances, and thus 
take the straight road to destruction. 

With Fancy or Ideality largely developed, 
the imagination throws a picture or image 
upon the mirror, Eventuality. Plainly,seeing 
this picture, if Form is large, and not having 
outward sense or Perception to correct these 
inward impressions, Conventionality fixes it, as 
the chemical fixes the shadow on the photog¬ 
rapher^ plate, and they believe these shadows 
to be an outward reality; hence the liability to 
get into a dream, even in the day-time, to walk 
and talk in their sleep, to become w T hat is 
termed “ mediumistic,” to see apparitions, so- 
called “ psychological visions,” and to become 
insane. This is the whole foundation of what 
is claimed to be real “Spiritualism” by its fol¬ 
lowers. It is unmistakable that shadows are 


COMBINATIONS. 


53 


seen, and “ mediums,” under a high excitement 
of the mind, seem to say and do wonderful 
things, hut they are wonderful only because 
not understood. We see shadows of ourselves 
and others in our daily walks, which we can 
pass our hands through ; but because we refer 
them to the sun, gas, or other light, they are 
no longer mysterious, forgetting that shadows 
may also be recalled or even formed through 
the action of our internal faculties. These 
organs can, of course, be increased by cultiva¬ 
tion, and “ mediums,” or those in whom they 
are largely developed, may become more and 
more expert (often at the expense of health 
and even life itself) in the school of shadow- 
tracing. 

Reason combined with Hope, both being 
adapted to the unseen, work well together. 
Persons with this combination largely devel¬ 
oped, with or without Perceptives, but more 
especially with them, are lovers of live nature, 
philosophers, prophets, deductive observers, 
require a comparison, and can tell what cer¬ 
tainly will come to pass; are the simple in 
this world, the babes of which it is said, 
5* 


54 


CRANIOGNOMY. 


“ Thou hast hid these things from the wise and 
prudent, and hast revealed them unto babes.” 

They have real wisdom, deal in universals, 
not in particulars, beginnings and ends, not 
means; are analogical more than logical; are 
“lone-goers,” the only natural jDreachers, al¬ 
ways giving advice, natural doctors of medi¬ 
cine, and are adaj^ted to professional life; 
without Cautiousness; are not prosperous, but 
lucky; greatly imprudent; cannot live in the 
future, but must live in to-day; adapted to 
adversity, not to money-making, but make 
money when they come to their last cent; 
when they start out with capital, are about 
sure to lose the whole of it. With Cautiousness, 
however, they make money, especially in new 
operations; being rather prudent, they go more 
slowly, feeling their way, and sometimes make 
large fortunes. 

Persons with a large development of Reason 
and Hope, with Ideality or Fancy and Construct¬ 
iveness, are the real poets, are possessed of real 
genius, in contradistinction to talent; are orig¬ 
inators and inventors; but without Cautiousness 
seldom realize much themselves from their in¬ 
ventions. 


COMBINATIONS. 


55 


If Perceptives are deficient, they are apt to 
“hide awaydo not have confidence in them¬ 
selves to go forward; are modest and retiring, 
therefore not much noticed, except in sudden 
emergencies; are liable to preconceptions, and 
hold on to them until facts utterly fail to sup¬ 
port their theories about sense relations, to 
which they are not adapted. 

With a large development of Locality and 
deficient Continuity are frequently great travel¬ 
lers. 

Persons with large Reason and Hope com¬ 
bined, and a large development of Acquisitive¬ 
ness, Destructiveness, and depth of neck, take 
the material turn, or try to turn that which is 
spiritual and adapted to the unseen to that 
which is temporal or seen; are most untrust¬ 
worthy, and endeavor to turn everything to 
meet their own selfish ends. (If Benevolence 
is very largely developed, it will be manifested 
in them by sudden and unlooked-for generosi¬ 
ties in their own peculiar way.) They some¬ 
times become reckless outlaws; are capable of 
almost any meanness. When they try to be 
cunning, their plans do not turn out as they 
expect, and therefore not successful; but when 


56 


CRANIOGNOMY. 


driven by circumstances, have great facility 
in working their way out of difficulties and 
scrapes, and will do almost anything to escape 
punishment. They are sometimes successful in 
business, especially where others have failed, 
but are liable to great reverses of fortune. 
When committing crime, they generally go 
alone. 

A large development of Reason and Conven¬ 
tionality do not work well together for any 
length of time, there being an unequalness, 
like the legs of the lame; the head carrying 
persons of this combination right, and the 
heart wrong; they are more likely to follow 
the latter than the former, hence Reason (the 
true conscience) gives them remorse. With 
Perceptives largely developed, having intuitive 
perception and confidence in themselves, their 
beginnings in sense relations are remarkably 
brilliant, but their undertakings sink, after 
continuance, in the same proportion. 

Large Understanding and Hope combined, 
with deficient Conventionality, do not work 
well together. One with such development is 
safe only in health relations and will live 


COMBINATIONS. 


57 


through the greatest sickness, epidemics, and 
plagues, and is best adapted to professional life. 
The speculations of such an one are about sure 
to fail, though beginnings are frequently very 
bright, especially if combined with large per- 
ceptives; but undertakings do not prosper by 
their continued management and under their 
control. 

Large Eventuality and Number combined in¬ 
dicate the ability for figuring in its various 
departments, hence calculation. Combined 
with large Conventionality, such calculations 
are often correct; but without it, on account of 
not going by rule, frequently miscalculate. 

Large Combativeness and Firmness combined 
indicate moral courage and steadfastness. Large 
Combativeness, with Firmness deficient, indicates 
a goat-like or baulky-horse manifestation, re¬ 
sisting opposing elements in every direction, and 
displaying fickleness. 

Form, Imitation, and large Perceptives in 
combination indicate the highest class of artists 
in every department of art. Without Color, 
the coloring is defective; without Size, the 
drawing will not be well proportioned; with- 


58 


CRANIOGNOMY. 


out Perceptives, there will always be a lack of 
completeness in their work. 

Firmness, Combativeness, Imagination, and 
Self-Esteem are the organs of self-making. 

Large Acquisitiveness, Conventionality, De¬ 
structiveness, Fancy and Self-Esteem combined, 
with a deficiency of Benevolence, are found in 
the wholesale robber. This combination, with 
a deficiency of Self-Esteem, is found in the 
petty or sneak thief. 

Wherever there is a depth of neck, what¬ 
ever the other faculties, there is a tendency to 
untrustworthiness. 

Understanding, Ideality, and Language are 
the organs for oratory. 

Large Fancy or Ideality, Destructiveness, 
and a deficiency of Perceptives indicate a dis¬ 
position to be jealous. 

Persons with a large development of Appro- 
bativeness, Fancy, Eventuality, and Acquisitive¬ 
ness are frequently very tricky; more so if 
they have the depth of neck. 

Persons with a large development of De¬ 
structiveness and Conventionality, with deficient 
Beneficence, have a desire to destroy or anni¬ 
hilate ; this is the combination of the coquette. 

Two persons with large development of Self- 


PHYSIOGNOMY. 


59 


Esteem are not very congenial for any length 
of time, as neither wishes to yield supremacy 
to the other. 

On the principle that “ extremes meet,” a 
person with a very large development of an 
organ, and another with the same organ very 
deficient, frequently come to the same place, 
but the manifestation will be different in either 
case. 


XI. 

PHYSIOGNOMY. 

T?POM (pvaig, nature, and yvco^ovixog, knowing. 

Physiognomical denotations are always sec¬ 
ondarily to be considered, and are never to be 
thoroughly relied upon in the judgment of char¬ 
acter. Lavater, the greatest of known Physiog¬ 
nomists, expressed this same uncertainty. 

In their simple form, they carry out the 
manifestation of the organ, as is noticeable in 
the artless child, but may be changed at will, 
as the emotions of crying, laughing, etc., and 
even the contour and expression of the face is 
successively dissembled by stage artists, hence 
often misleading all who have no fixedness 
upon which to rely. 



60 


CRANIOGNOMY. 


Many persons watch the expression of the 
eye, but detectives have demonstrated the fal¬ 
lacy of dependence upon this particular. 

When we are acquainted with the organs of 
an individual, we can refer the denotations of 
the face, etc., to them, but are not certain of 
the development of an organ from an observa¬ 
tion of these denotations. 

They are, however, helps in the study of 
Craniognomy, of service when the cranium can¬ 
not be observed, or the Division of the Brain 
noticed with difficulty. 

The only serviceable denotations of Physiog¬ 
nomy are what is called “ the poles of the face.” 
This is taken from the supposition that each 
organ of the brain corresponds inversely with 
the shape of the face, therefore when the lower 
part of the face is very prominent, we infer 
that a large portion of the brain is in the hack 
part of the head; and correspondingly, when 
the lower part of the face is proportionately 
small, we infer that the brain lies more in the 
fore part or frontal lobes. 

Particular organs are denoted in their re¬ 
spective corresponding position. 


TEMPERAMENTS. 


61 


XII. 

TEMPERAMENTS 

T^ROM temjpero , to mix or temper; hence a 
general predominance of the whole. 

Three hundred years B. c., the ancients had 
a system of human temperaments, represented 
by what was then supposed to he the four ele¬ 
ments, viz., fire, earth, air, and water, now rep¬ 
resented by the Sanguine, Bilious, Encephalic, 
and Lymphatic. 

Since then there have been many systems 
of human temperaments promulgated in various 
medical works, but all of which we have any 
knowledge, with one exception, have been based 
upon the proportion of the body, color of the 
hair, skin, etc., of which there is such a mix¬ 
ture, that nothing can be definitely fixed, there¬ 
fore entirely unscientific and of very little prac¬ 
tical value. 

The exception is that of the late William 
Byrd Powell, of Kentucky, who took for the 
basis of his system the shape of the cranium, 
the rest of the body being a secondary consid¬ 
eration. A large part of forty years of his life 
was spent in elaborating and establishing this 
6 


62 


CRANIOGNOMY. 


system of human temperaments, during which 
time he travelled extensively, silencing many 
able opponents by numerous remarkable evi¬ 
dences and illustrative facts. 

Through his teaching, this system is given 
as one on which dependence can be placed, 
because founded upon a scientific basis. The 
conformation of the skull is the principal guide. 
Persons alike as to color of hair, eyes, and skin 
may be of different temperaments. 

In our primitive state, we naturally select 
companions of the opposite temperament, but 
owing to the perversion of society, marriages 
being made for money, position, convenience, 
etc., a knowledge of temperaments is very nec¬ 
essary to show who are and who are not com¬ 
patible in the marriage relation. 

There are in all fourteen temperaments, di¬ 
vided into two general classes, Vital and Non- 
Vital. To render marriage natural, and to 
secure healthful and intelligent progeny, who 
will be likely to live to adult age, it is essential 
that the parties in marriage be of opposite tem¬ 
perament; that is, one of the vital and the 
other of the non-vital temperament. The more 
opposite they are in this respect, the better for 
the offspring. It has been found that seventy 


TEMPERAMENTS. 


63 


per cent, of married people are either both 
vital or both non-vital, the effect in either case 
being the same, frequently causing much un¬ 
happiness. 

If the husband and wife be exactly of the 
same temperament, e.g., both of the Bilious, 
there will be no offspring, as they diverge; both 
being under one of these classes, there may be 
children, but they will live only a short time, 
being predisposed to disease, etc. 

THE DIVISION OF THE TEMPERAMENTS 
AND THEIR NAMES. 

SANGUINE, 

BILIOUS, 

SANGUINE-BILIOUS, 

ENCEPHALIC, 

LYMPHATIC, 

SANGUINE-ENCEPHALIC, 

BILIOUS-ENCEPHALIC, 

SANGUINE-LYMPHATIC, 

BILIOUS-LYMPHATIC, 
SANGUINE-ENCEPHALO-BILIOUS, 
SANGUINE-ENCEPHALO-LYMPHATIC, 
SANGUINE-BILIOUS-LYMPHATIC, 

BILIOUS-ENCEPH A LO-LYMPHATIC, 

SANGUIN E-ENCEPHALO-BILIOUS- 

LYMPHATIC, 


VITAL. 


NON- 

VITAL. 



64 


CRANIOGXOMY. 


It will be seen from the above, that they 
consist of four primaries, five binaries, four 
triplets, and one quadruple. There are, per¬ 
haps, more persons of the vital than of the 
non-vital temperament, although we have but 
three varieties of the vital, and eleven of the 
non-vital. 

They are to be distinguished in the follow¬ 
ing manner: 

SANGUINE TEMPERAMENT. (VITAL.) 

From sanguis, blood, sap, juice. 

Is known by the retreating forehead, a nar¬ 
rowing or parallelism from the frontal towards 
the occipital region, a large cerebellum, and a 
perpendicularity at the back of the head. 

It is generally accompanied by a strong and 
full pulse, light or golden hair, fair skin (not 
florid), blue eyes, the upper lip rather promi¬ 
nent, a celestial or bird-like, Grecian, or an 
aquiline nose, and a tall, rounded, and very 
finely proportioned figure. 

The characteristics of this temperament are 
remarkable elasticity and graceful movements. 
Persons of this temperament are fond of the 
open air and athletic sports. When pressed 


TEMPERAMENTS. 


65 


down, they rebound or rise quickly, hence rest 
in a short time. Their habits are easily broken, 
and they are naturally fine orators. The red 
or arterial blood predominating, their circula¬ 
tion is rapid, and therefore are especially liable 
to disease of an inflammatory nature, which is 
aggravated by the use of salt. 

BILIOUS TEMPERAMENT. (VITAL.) 

From bills, the bile. 

Is known by a somewhat retreating forehead, 
a widening of the head laterally from the 
frontal towards the occipital region, and a large 
cerebellum. 

It is generally accompanied by dark or black 
hair, black, dark, hazel, or gray eyes, an aqui¬ 
line or Roman nose, sallow or dark skin, angu¬ 
lar features, may be either short or tall in 
stature, not so finely proportioned as the san¬ 
guine, though often well rounded in youth, 
and are of a firmly knit, compact make of bone 
and muscle. 

The Xanthous Variety of the bilious is 
properly classed with this temperament, as it 
has the cranial conformation and distinctive 
features of the bilious. It is generally accom- 
6* E 


66 


CRAKIOGNOMY. 


panied with red hair and a florid complexion, 
which is often freckled. 

The characteristics of the bilious tempera¬ 
ment, including the xantho-bilious, are great 
endurance, hardiness, and toughness, great 
strength, very active, habits strong and not 
easily broken; hold on to things, especially 
money, very hard; the venous or blue blood 
predominating, are liable to biliousness of all 
kind, which is increased by the use of salt, or 
are liable to disease of the stomach and liver, 
especially of the latter. Many criminals are 
of this temperament. 


SANGUINE-BILIOUS . ( VITAL.) 

This temperament is known by the marks 
of and combines many of the characteristics of 
each, whichever predominates, being indicated 
by the like conformation of the cranium, and 
like characteristics will, of course, be most 
prominent. 

It indicates the highest order of endurance, 
elasticity, and strength. Persons of this tem¬ 
perament are generally of medium height; are 
frequently unfortunate in business; they make 


TEMPERAMENTS. 


67 


money, but have difficulty in keeping it, es¬ 
pecially if the sanguine be predominant. 

ENCEPHALIC TEMPERAMENT. {NON-VITAL.) 

From ev and xs^a^yj, meaning the head. 

Is known by the shape of the cranium being 
like that of an inverted cone, the coronal part 
being wide and narrowing down towards the 
basil region, the mass of the brain lying in the 
frontal lobes, and a small cerebellum and neck. 

It is generally accompanied by sharp or 
pointed features, thin lips, smallish bones, 
feeble pulse, soft flesh, and a spare figure. 

It has been formerly known as the “Mental” 
or “Nervous temperament.” 

Persons of this temperament are intellectual, 
adapted to in-doors and sedentary employ¬ 
ments ; are great students; take to books and 
brain-work, their strength being mainly in 
their brain; they are deficient in bodily vigor, 
but generally have great tenacity of life; they 
are liable to disease of the lungs (mainly caused 
by breathing impure air) and of the head. 
They should have dry, pure air—a mountain¬ 
ous region or gravelly soil agreeing with them; 
they cannot endure dampness or much bathing. 


68 


CRANIOGNOMY. 


LYMPHATIC TEMPERAMENT. (NON-VITAL.) 

From lymp/ia , water. 

Is known by a smoothness about the head 
or globular shape, a widening of the cranium 
from the coronal towards the basil region, a large 
cerebellum, and thickness through the neck. 

It is generally accompanied by a corpulent 
figure, large cheeks, a pug nose, sleepy-looking 
eyes, hard flesh, a feeble pulse, and a cool sur¬ 
face of the skin. They generally have large 
heads, caused by the lymph contained in the 
lymphatic glands about the head. 

Persons of this temperament are not gener¬ 
ally lazy, but easy-going, practical people; 
they get waited upon, especially by the active; 
frequently have the drink-and-eat principle 
largely developed, and run to grossness and 
the animal nature. The white blood, or lymph, 
contained in the lymphatic glands throughout 
the body, predominates. They are liable to 
abdominal disease, are fond of the water and 
bathing, and thrive in damp climates. 

SANG UINE-ENCEPHALIC. (NON- VITAL.) 

Known by the marks of and combine some 
of the characteristics of each. 


TEMPERAMENTS. 


69 


Persons of this temperament are always 
artistic, shown in speaking, drawing, writing, 
etc.; require the open air, and are liable also 
to diseases of either temperament, though not 
of so decided a nature. 

BILIO US-ENCEPHALIC. (.NON- VITAL.) 

Known by the marks of and combine many 
of the characteristics of each. 

This is the philosophical temperament, called 
by the old writers the “Melancholia.” 

Persons of this temperament, on account of 
their intense mentality, are sometimes liable to 
insanity. 

SANG UINE-L YMPHA TIC. (NON- VITAL .) 

Known by the marks of and combine some 
of the characteristics of each. 

Persons of this temperament are apt to be 
gross, very often openly manifested; are dan¬ 
gerous in their proclivities, and need watching. 

BILIO US-L YMPHA TIC. (NON- VITAL.) 

Known by the marks of and combine some 
of the characteristics of each. 

Persons of this temperament are generally 


70 


CBANIOGNOMY. 


the most dangerous class of people, especially 
when driven to extremity; are apt to be crimi¬ 
nal in their nature, low, selfish, greedy, and 
cunning. There have been more murders com¬ 
mitted by persons of this temperament than by 
that of any other one. 

SANG XJINE-EN CEPHAL O-BILIO US. ( NON- 
VITAL.) 

Known by the marks of and combine many 
of the characteristics of all three, manifesting 
more of that one which is predominant — e. g. y 
if the bilious temperament predominates, the 
philosophical turn is taken; if the sanguine, 
oratory; and so on. Persons of this tempera¬ 
ment are artistic, intense, and frequently over¬ 
work; they should take plenty of food and 
rest. 

SANG UINE-ENCEPHAL O-L YMPHA TIC. 

(NON-VITAL.) 

Known by the marks of and combine some 
of the characteristics of all three. 

Persons of this temperament are generally 
great speakers and successful in business, es¬ 
pecially in politics. 


TEMPERAMENTS. 


71 


SANG TJINE-BILIO US-L YMPHA TIC. (N ON- 
VITAL.) 

Known by the marks of and combine many 
of the characteristics of all three. 

Persons of this temperament are generally 
successful as politicians, but cannot be de¬ 
pended upon in trying times; are mercenary, 
and are waited upon a great deal; they work 
easily and get well paid for it. 

BILIO US-ENCEPHAL O-L YMPHA TIC. (NON- 
VITAL.) 

Known by the marks of and combine some 
of the characteristics of all three. 

Persons of this temperament are generally 
representative men or women, fine speakers, 
very generally successful as lawyers, etc. 

SA NG VINE-BILIO US-ENCEPHAL O-L YM¬ 
PHA TIC. (NON-VITAL.) 

Known by the marks of and combine many 
of the characteristics of all four. 

Persons of this temperament generally have 
great capacity for effectiveness in whatever they 
undertake as in politics, writing, speaking, etc. 


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